ABSTRACT
The pregnancy is one of the most fascinating experiences which a woman undergoes in her life and of the whole, the first trimester is a vital time as the pregnancy gets established. The last menstrual period (LMP) is generally used as a landmark for pregnancy dating, and the first trimester of pregnancy is defined as 12 weeks after the LMP. The first recognizable structure inside the gestational sac is the yolk sac, which should be detectable as a regularly rounded extra-amniotic structure when the gestational sac reaches dimensions of 8 to 10 mm. In a normal pregnancy it should be possible to observe the yolk sac between 6-12 weeks of pregnancy or when it reaches 10 mm in size. Ultrasonography shows the yolk sac as a round structure that is made up of an anechoic center bordered by a regular well-defined echogenic rim. The normal shape of yolk sac is circular. The yolk sac appears at 6 weeks, thereafter increases in size, attains its maximum diameter at 10 weeks and then it starts decreasing in size. It disappears at 12 weeks. Aim and Objectives of the present study is to study the shape of yolk sac in pregnant females, in the first trimester of pregnancy and to find it's correlation with spontaneous abortion. We studied 72 pregnant females, who were in their first trimester of pregnancy, referred by Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The shape of yolk sac was observed by transvaginal sonography and its correlation with spontaneous abortion was studied. Yolk sac was present in 70 cases (97.22%) and in two cases (2.78%), it was absent. In 68 (97.14%) cases the shape of yolk sack was circular. It was irregular (1.4%) and oblong (1.4%) in one case each.
ABSTRACT
The variation in presence of number of nutrient foramen is important in long bones as nutrient foramen gives passage for entrance of nutrient arteries in to the bone. The present study was conducted on total 114 dry human long bones in department of anatomy, Era's lucknow medical college, lucknow. . The aim of the study was to determine the number of nutrient foramen in long bones of upper limb. Ethical approval was procured from the institutional ethical committee. In our study 97.40% humerus bones show single nutrient foramen, and 2.60% humerus bones show double NF, and all the radius and ulna show the single NF. The results of our study is similar with previous studies. The importance of knowledge about NF is very use full in orthopedic surgeries and in micro vascular bone grafting.
ABSTRACT
The Suprascapular notch is situated in the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, just adjacent to the base of Coracoid process. The notch is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) which some time ossifies and is attached laterally to the root of the coracoid process and medially to the limit of the notch. A number of variations occur in the shape of suprascapular notch, from a discrete notch to "J" shaped, "V" shaped, "U" shaped or "O" shaped (i.e. as a complete foramen). To study morphological and morphometric variations of suprascapular notch of Indian population. We studied 140 dried scapula bone and measurements of SSN were done using digital vernier calipers. We used the Rengachary classification for this study. The following measurements were The superior transverse diameter - maximum distance between superior most edges of suprascapular notch (SSN). The inferior transverse diameter - maximum distance between the edges of the curved arch at the base of the SSN. The results of our study were: J-shaped -28%, U-shaped-26%, V-shaped -15%, Partial-ossification-7%, Indentation-10%, Absent-9%, Complete ossification- 2%. Type IV supra scapular notch was found to be the most prevalent type amongst all shapes. We also found that the characteristics of the scapula (dimensions) are related to the characteristics of the supra scapular notch (type and dimensions) and there is a distinct difference between right and left side scapula.